26/10/09

Currents

In a series circuit the same current flows through each part of the circuit .there is only one part of the circuit ,there is only one path for the current to flow round .circuits a and B are series circuits.

In a parallel circuit the current divides when it comes to a junction .part of the current flows through the other brnch. Part of it flows through the other .the bullos in circuits (and) are joined in para kel .

When two branches have the same resistance,the same current flows through each branch.

21/10/09

Resistance

Nichrome resists more the current than copper. nichrome has a bigger resistance than copper.

Every material has an electrical resistance .the greater the material’s resistance, the smaller is the is the current which flows through it.

Conductors like copper and aluminum have very low resistances. They carry large currents well .but insulators have very large currents well .but insulators have very large resistances. They only allow very small currents to flow through them.

When the current flows through a wire, electrical energy is changed to heat energy.

When a current is pushed through o hind resistance wire by a large voltage large amounts of heat are produced.

14/09/09

Portable power packs.

If you are going to be absolutely correct, you should call a torch battery a dry cell. Is called dry because it has no liquid in it a battery is made up from a collection of cells joined together. A 9v. Transistor radio battery contains small calls joined in series a 12v. Car battery contains six 2v. Lead-acid cells joined in series.

There are many different cells in use today. Here six of them, with their advantages and disadvantages.

The dry cell:

Is the most commonly used cells. It is often used intorches.It is cheap, easily carried and has no liquid to spill.

The mercury cell:

Can be made into small ´´button cells´´. Even very small mercury cells can produce large currents for a short time or small currents for a long time.

The lead-acid cell:

Can produce large currents. A battery of lead-acid cells can produce the large current needed to start a car. The cell can be recharged when flat. It is heavy and contains acid which can spill.

The reserve cell:

Does not work until salt water is added. Then it can give a high current for a short time or a small current for a long time.

The lithium cell:

Is small and light. It is very reliable and long lasting. Lithium cells are expensive.

The nickel-cadmium cell:

Is the rechargeable battery sold in the shops? It is light and is completely sealed. It cannot give very large currents and is expensive.

Questions.

1 What is a battery?-Is a dry cell.

How a car battery is made up?-it´s made up from a collection of cells joined together.

2.Heaning acids only use small currents. Suggest two reasons why a mercury cell is a good cell for running a hearing acid.

Because it has a long current and a short current.

3. A) suggest reasons why the dry cell is the most commonly used cell.

-It is cheap, easily carried and has no liquid to spill

b) If you leave a torch on, the bulb gradually gets glimmer. Why?

4 .One of the six cells can be found in a life raft. Which cell is this? The reserve cell:

Does not work until salt water is added.

Why might it be used for?

It might be used in the oceans to help to active products needed.

5.try to find out: What heart Pacemakers are. Then suggest why lithium cells are used to power them.

28/09/09

Conductors and insulators

Conductors: a substance which allows electricity to flow throught it . f .ex opper are used to carry current , electric current is carried round your home by copper wires iron ,silver , tin , aluminium , gold ,mercury and caron are conductors.

Insulators : a substance which does not allow electricity to flow through it .insulators are used for safety .the electricity used in your home can be dangerous you could easily be killed if you touched a bare wire that is why plugs and wires are covered with insulators like : rubber , plastic , wood , wool , paper ,glass ,string ,nylon etc ...

Making the right connections

The quiz board

The railway signal

When a battery is working ,the energy change is

Chemical energy to electrical energy

The battery’s chemical energy is used up pushing a current round the circuit the ‘ electrical push ‘ which the batlery gives to the current is called the voltage .it is measured in volts (v) on a volt –meter.

Diffent batteries produce different voltages .the bigger voltage supplied by the battery the bigger will be the current that plows in a circuit.

23/09/09

Electric circuits

An electric circuit is a path along which electricity can flow to make up a circuit you need a battery ,a buld and two wires .the wires are used to join the battery to the bulb .the batteries job is to pash an electric current through the wires and the bulb .the bulb the bulb light yo as the current flows through it.

Meters and switches

If you want to measure the size of the current ,you have to put a meter into the circuit .current is measured in amperes (A) or amps for short.

The meter for measuring current is called an ammeter.

If you want to turn the bulb on and off easily you shuld . a switch work by opening and closing a gap in the circuit .when the switch is turned off , a gap opens up .this stops the flow of current all round the circuit.

When the switch is turned on, the gap is closed .this maks a complete circuit and the current can flow.

Electric sparks

1. why do clouds become charged? Tiene pequeños cristales de agua y al frotarse los cristales se cargan de energía.

2.what is a flash of lightning? When is lightning produced?

The lightning is a sound that to produced the clouds when discharged electrical. To produced when to much energy electrical.

3.what special precautions are taken in factories using flammable meterials ? why are these precautions taken ?

But in a factor using flammable materials ,even the smallest spark can produce a n explosion .that’s why workers have to wear special shoes and clothes which don’t build up charges.

4.have you ever produced sparks? If so , explain what happened.

Cuando toque el tv me paso electricidad por que el tv y yo tenemos energía.

5. Aereoplanes become charged up when they fly through clouds . Explain why.

6.try to find out : a) what causes a clap of thunder b) why tall buildings have lightning conductors

07/09/09

Electricity

Is a kind of energy .it has two different kinds of: positive charge and negative charge.

+ And+=repel

-And - =repel

+ And - =attract

Before rubbing, the pen has equal numbers of positive and negative charge. This charges balance each other. The pen is electrically neutral.

When the pen is rubbed with other thing, negative charges travel from the other from the other thing to the pen. The pen now has more negative charges have left the other thing; it now has more positive charges than negative .it has become positively charged.

Atoms contain negatively charged particles =electrons

Positively charged particles=protons

Neutral particles = neutrons

14/09/09

Moving charges

You can do some hair racing experiments with van de graaff generator.this is a machine for building up and storing electric charges when it is switched on,negative charges collect on the dome.the dome becomes negative charges .

Storing charge:if you stand on a prece of plastic and touch the dome,you body connects extra negative charge from the dome.thats when your hair stands on end.each hair becames negatively charge the hairs repel each other .

Losing charge:if you then touch a water tap,your body loses this charges you hair goes bag to normal .the charges flow for body a long the water pipe to the earth you can feel them go your fingers tingle.

Flow a charges: there are two good ways of chowing this flow of charge you can connect a neon bulb between the generation and the water tap.the bulb glose as the charges flow through it you can also connect in a meter wich measure small electric currents the flow of charge through the meter makes the meter middle move.

Atoms contain negatively charged particles: electrons

Positively charged particles: protons

Homework

For Wednesday 16 September/09 written on sheets of paper.

1. What does a van the Graff generator do?

Cargando energia negativa

2. Why does your hair stand on end when you use the generator to charge yourself up?

Carga energia negativa

3. Why does your hair go back to normal when you touch a water top?

4. What is an electric current? Es un flujo de cargas electricas

5. Why should you stand on plastic or rubber if you want to charge yourself up? El plastic es un aislante

Genes

Whether you are natullary tall or small , blond or brown haired ,blue or green eyed , left or right handed ;depends largely on the genes in your body cells :

A gene is a part of one of the choromose threads inside the ncleus of each cell, those control the characteristics which are passed on from parents to their children when an egg is fertilized two sets of genes are put together one set cames from the father in the sperms chromosomes and the other set from the mother in the egg´s chromosomes ach set carries half of the tajal instruccions for the new human those gones passed carry instruccions for the nero human those genes passed carry instruccion about body characteristics like height hair color and eye color.

dominant genes: the genes with “stronger” of dominat instructions will control what happens.

Heredity: is the passing on of characteristics from one generation to the next.

Chromosomes: Are fine theads of material for carry instructons. There are 10.000 genes on each chromosomes.

Human cells have 46 choromosomes . sperm and eggs have only half that number when a sperm and egg join up a new being begins to grow.

First stage: each choromosome makes an exact copy of

Itself.

Fertilisation

Has to take place before a new animal can grow. The sperm and the egg join up, making a fertilized .the new animal grows from this fertilized egg which divides, producing more and more cells.

Intestine cell :cells which take in or absorb food

Fat cell: cell which store food

Nerve cell: cells which carry messages round the body

Red blood cell: cells which carry chemical round your body

Cell in the nose: cells which allow chemicals to pass through channels between then.

Cells in the wall of a blood capillary :cell with tiny hairs which move liquids over their surface.

Investigate

1. where is an egg:

there is really only one answer to that question. the sperm gets to the egg by swimming, but in some cases, the sperm meets the egg outside the mother's body (EXTERNAL fertilization). in other cases, the sperm and egg meet inside the mother's body (INTERNAL Fertilization)

IN CONCLUSION:
The egg of the woman is the egg

a. produced:

Produced babies

B. fertilized

Has to take place before a new animal can grow. In fertilization, the sperm and the egg join up, making fertilization egg. The new animal can grows from this fertilized egg which divedes, producing more and more cells

2. When the baby is in the womb

The behavior of the fetus inside the womb has been investigated for years. Studies show that their movements are reactions to certain stimuli.
The presence of a hormone in the blood of women corroborates these early suspicions given the absence of menstrual period. However, from the laboratory confirmation, are estimated to have passed at least seven to nine days from fertilization. From here on begins the development of an amazing life in the womb.
Besides the formation of the different anatomical structures, the fetus exhibits a range of skills that can be seen with ultrasound through the expressions of disgust, pain, breathing, jumping, and stretching hipos, among others.

A. How does it get food and oxygen?

B. Pregnant women increased their energy needs and therefore should increase the intake of protein, vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates and fats, due to the increasing demands for feeding the baby she carries in her womb formed, so that the healthy Fetal growth depends on the diet that has the mother, and should be more quality than quantity. The fetus is nourished and receives oxygen from the placenta which is attached to the wall of the uterus and connects to the fetus through the umbilical cord.

3. What are contractions?

• Contractions focal
Are due to stimulation of only one sector of the uterus, usually up to a movement of the baby.

• Generalized Contractions
Begin in any one sector of the uterus and are transmitted to all of them. May be due to the baby's movements, changes of position (from lying to sitting), irritation to the bladder by uterine busy or intestinal congestion.

• Braxton Hicks Contractions
Starting from the fifth or sixth month of pregnancy or earlier, and are characterized by covering the uterus, have a downward gradient (going from the bottom of the uterus into the vagina). They are not only painful and feels the abdomen hardens and gives a feeling of abdominal tension when they appear. Last approximately 30 to 60 seconds.
• Contractions of birth
The contractions of birth are different. They are very regular, every two or three minutes and reach a length of approximately 90 to 120 seconds each. Not go unnoticed because most of the time are painful. Usually also are associated with the expulsion of the mucus plug, which is a flow gelatinous, often stained with blood, and a new sense of pressure in the vagina, caused by the baby's head to press the perineum and rectum

4. How is a baby born?

5. Why does the graving embryo depend on the cord?

6. Why can the cord be safely cut once the baby is born ?

7. If a woman begins to realease eggs at the age of is,and stops releasing them at 45 ,how many eggs will she produce?

8. Find ait:

What special foods a mother to be should have in her diet .and why?

week 38= baby is born.

Week 34=baby has grown a lot of fat in the last four weeks to keep it warm when it is born.

Week 30=if born now ,the baby could live with special care.

week 26= baby opens its eyes.

Week 18 =baby has hair ,eye brows doctors can hear its heart beat. It can move …….. mother begins to feel its kicks.

Week 14= if doctor could see the baby ,they could tell if it wasa boy or a girl.

Week 10=babys finger and toes grow .it can move its arms and legs a little .it can even swallow.

.
.
Week 6=embryo begins to look like a human ears , hands and feet begin to grow. Heart begins to beat.

week 2= embryo eyes begin to debelop .its legs and arms are tiny bumps

Week 1 =enbryo becomes attached to the womb.

Baby tha first nine moths
We are used to thinking of a baby being age o on the day it is born but it has been growing for about nine months before it enters the world .
This is what happens in the / week o = egg is fertilised in the tube.

Fertilisation
Has to take place before a new animal can grow. The sperm and the egg join up, making a fertilized .the new animal grows from this fertilized egg which divides, producing more and more cells.
Intestine cell :cells which take in or absorb food
Fat cell: cell which store food
Nerve cell: cells which carry messages round the body
Red blood cell: cells which carry chemical round your body
Cell in the nose: cells which allow chemicals to pass through channels between then.
Cells in the wall of a blood capillary :cell with tiny hairs which move liquids over their surface.

Reproduction in animals
Only the simplest animals reproduce by diving in two. Most animals in clouding humans reproduce special sex cells for reproduction. There are usually two types of sex cell .the smaller of the two can move on its own. It is called the male cell or sperm. The large one cannot move on its own .it is called the female cell or egg.

You need a microcope to see teh smalletliving organism.They are made up of only one cell.That cells is an allporpuse cell.It is able to take in food,to grow andproduce to take and get rid of gases,to react,to produce energy and to move.

AMEBA: Is a one celled animalwhich lives in water.It has no fixed shape.Its is likes bag of jelly.It movesby pushingout a FOOT and flowing into it.It catches ist food in this way too

VEGETAL CELL: Chloroplasts contain the green chemical called chlorophyl. This is the chemical which allows green plants to use the sun light energy.

Cells are the building blocks of life.
Every living thing is made up of one or more cells. Most animals and plants are made up of millions of cells joined together.

Al encender la vela se produce una reacción de combustión: la cera de la vela reacciona con el oxígeno del aire y produce dióxido de carbono y vapor de agua. Podemos ver que en el interior del vaso aparecen unas gotitas de agua. Es el vapor de agua producido en la combustión de la vela que se condensa en las paredes del recipiente.En la reacción se consume un gas, el oxígeno que forma parte del aire, pero se forman otros dos, el dióxido de carbono y el vapor de agua. El volumen del gas producido es más pequeño que el volumen de oxígeno que se consume. El resultado es que en el interior del vaso disminuye la presión y, por ello, sube el agua hasta que la presión interior es igual a la exterior (presión atmosférica)

Dont' let the heat escape!
1. lista: a)4 ways in which heat can escape from a house b) 4 ways of prevening heat from escaping.
2. Which methods of insulation use trapped air as an insulator?
3. Why is aluminum foil fixed above ceilings?
4. Explain how heat can escape throught an unused fireplace .
5. How much did the black: a) pay for insulation b) save each year?
6. a)the black only really began to save money after two years explain this b)how many years passed before the other families,began to save.
7. If you had to insulate a house,wich two methods would you use firs,and wity?

1/R:b)ways of preveing heat from escaping
2/R:any material that conducts heat poorly or electricity and used to suppress the flow.
3/R:
4/R:the heat comes out through smoke stacks or windows
5/R:the blacks put insulation in the loft. they laid shiny alumniun foil above the ceiling
6/R:the blacks the browns the greens and the withes had two things in common they lived in he same type of house and had huge heating bills
7/R:icopor fiberglass insulation and wood heat things produscan

scales of a thermometer (human heat)
low heat-0-35¨c
normal heat-36¨c-37,5¨c
high heat-38-......

thermometer:instrument used to measure the temperature.the most used thermometer is the made up of mercury,formed by a capillary of glass of a uniform diameter comunicated by an end with a bladder full with mercury.

types of thermometer:
*made of glass and using mercury.
*made of glass and using niquel oxid, cobalt and magnesium.
*for high temperatures:made of metal using electronic circuits.

1.The thermometer is an instrument for measuring temperature. Since its invention has evolved greatly, especially since it was started to manufacture digital electronic thermometers. Initial thermometers were manufactured based on the principle of expansion, it is preferred to use materials with a high coefficient of expansion so that, with increasing temperature, dilation of the material is easily visible. The base metal that was used in this type of mercury thermometers has been locked in a glass tube incorpo.

The scale used in most countries is the centigrade (º C), also called Celsius since 1948, in honor of Anders Celsius (1701 to 1744). On this scale, zero (0 º C) and one hundred (100 º C) degrees correspond to the freezing point and boiling point of water, both at 1 atmosphere pressure. Other thermometer scales are: Fahrenheit (º F), proposed by Gabriel Fahrenheit in 1724 [citation needed], which is the unit of temperature in the English system of units, used mainly in United States. Réaumur degree (º R), into disuse. Is due to René-Antoine Ferchault of Reamur (1683-1757). The relationship with the Celsius scale is TReamur = (4 / 5) * TCelsius Kelvin (K) and absolute temperature, temperature unit in the International System of Units. Its zero is unattainable by definition and is equivalent to -273.15 ° C.rating a graduated scale.

2.There is no firm agreement amongst neurologists as to exactly how many senses there are. The disagreements stem from a lack of consensus as to what the definition of a sense should be. Although school children are still routinely taught that there are five senses (sight, hearing, touch, smell, taste; a classification first devised by Aristotle), it is generally agreed that there are at least nine different senses in humans, and a minimum of two more observed in other organisms.

The skin is the outer covering of the body. In humans, it is the largest organ of the integumentary system made up of multiple layers of epithelial tissues, and guards the underlying muscles, bones, ligaments and internal organs.[1] Skin of a different nature exists in amphibians, reptiles, birds.[2Human skin is not unlike that of most other mammals except that it is not protected by a pelt and appears hairless though in fact nearly all human skin is covered with hair follicles.


4.In the city of Bangalore, India, the main annual festival of the Karaga draws its ritual personnel from a network of wrestling houses, where concepts of the conservation and channeling of bodily fluids underlie training. These concepts are, in turn, linked to an older model of urban planning in which artificial water bodies and gardening were integral components of the built environment. As the city’s population has grown and its economy shifted toward manufacturing and high technology, a different model of planning has slowly destroyed the older ecological system while inserting large sports complexes as important urban nodes. There is a simultaneous movement to link sports, beauty contests, and media as entertainment, with a concomitant redefinition of the body.

5.The body's enzymatic processes slow over 10%, sometimes 20% per degree of temperature below optimum. Slower chemical function, repair, and disposal of local and environmental toxins puts the body below expected function. This can cause many syndromes and symptoms, such as those listed to the right. Obviously, not all chronic problems are related to chronic low body temperature; but if several of these are noted, it may be prudent to measure one's body temperature on a routine basis to see if low body temperature is a possibility.

Heat and temperature

heat:is energy in transit it is transmitted between bodies wich are at different temperatures and wich come into contact with each other.

temperature:is a physical magnitude related to the amout of heat that a body can receive and absorb.it is a type of energy wich is not stored, it only appears in the transfer of energy.

heat transmission in bodies:
-conduction:is the trasmission of heat throug an solid object;example:a piece of metal in the fire.
-convention:transfers heat through an interchange of could and hot inolecules:ex heating water in a tea pot.
-radiation:is the transfers of heat by electromagnetic radiation, generally
with infrared.ex is the way a room is warmed.

homework
investigate:

-termometer and thermometer scales.
-perception of heat the skin.the sense of touch.
-burns
-hot bodies.
-could bodies.

22/05/09
Amplitud
La amplitud de una onda de sonido es el grado de movimiento de las moléculas de aire en la onda, que corresponde a la intensidad del enrarecimiento y compresión que la acompañan. Cuanto mayor es la amplitud de la onda, más intensamente golpean las moléculas el tímpano y más fuerte es el sonido percibido.

Intensidad
La intensidad fisiológica o sensación sonora de un sonido se mide en decibelios (dB). Por ejemplo, el umbral de la audición está en 0 dB, la intensidad fisiológica de un susurro corresponde a unos 10 dB y el ruido de las olas en la costa a unos 40 dB. La escala de sensación sonora es logarítmica, lo que significa que un aumento de 10 dB corresponde a una intensidad 10 veces mayor: por ejemplo, el ruido de las olas en la costa es 1.000 veces más intenso que un susurro, lo que equivale a un aumento de 30 dB.

Sound:
Is a traveling wave which is an osilation of pressure through a solid liquid or gas.
Perception: for humans, hearing is normally limited to the frecuessies between about 12 Hz and 20.000 Hz although this limits are not defined.

Homework:
-physics of sound
-longituditional and transversal waves
-sound waves properties
-speed of sound

light
No one can see anything in a completely darkned room. There has to be
Light before you can see. You see when light enters you eye. And so you have to know something about light to understand how the eyes work.

What is light?
Light is a kind of energy .it’s a type of radiation. Light energy is given off by the sun, by candles, and other light sources.
Light energy travels from one place to another. The light travels in straight lines (you can see that from the pictures of the sun) it’s often useful to think of the light travelling through the air at 300.000 km each second.






Shadows and reflexions:
Because light travels in straight lines, shadows form.

What’s a shadow?
Is an area behind an object where no light from a light source reaches.
When the sun shines on a object like a tree, the sun’s rays cannot bend round corners to reach the area behind it. That’s why that
The area behind it. That’s why the area behind the tree is dark, and that’s what make
The shadous.
Light rays can be bounced off or reflected of and object. You see this board because rays of light are being reflected from it in to your eye shiny surface, like mirrors reflect light you can see how a mirror reflect to the rays.
Class work:
-investigate
1. What is a light source? Give some examples
2. Write two facts about light rays.
A. a shadow
B. reflecting light?
4. Why does a shadow form behind you when the sun shines?
5. Mirrors and polished cars reflect light well. Walls don’t why not?
6. Try to find out: does the moon give off light or reflect it?
Development
1) Lantern, phosphors, lamp bulb landle.
2) A) That your rays to direct.
b) To produce shadow.
3) Shadow. Is where not reflect the the light,
-reflecting light. Produce shadow.
4) Because the light no reflec my.
straigh line

5)Because the mirrors have shiny.

6)NO, the moon is a satellite it does not possess their own light, the light of the moon we see q is the reflection of sunlight on its surface, so depending on where we see that sometimes the full, half rising etc, and that happens light when it is blocked from the sun ...

Coathanger Gong

You will need:
- 1 Coathanger
- 2 Pieces of 30cm String


Instructions
1. Tie the strings to the corners of the coathanger.
2. Hold the string in your hands so the coathanger dangles downward.
3. Gently knock the coathanger on a hard surface - is the sound loud or soft?
4. Wrap your fingers around each string and place your fingers in your ears.
5. Repeat the experiment with your fingers in your ear. Does the sound get louder or softer? Why?

Light and sound
Light: The light comes from the sun. It is quite high up in the sky because the shadwos are long ( vertical plane )Other sources of light are: the moon, lamp, candles, torches, screens, and so on.Natural sources of light: the sun and the moon.The shope and the size of the shadow depends on the shope of the object that is causing the shodow and its orientation with respect to the sources of lightSound: Intense sounds can be heard from a greater distance from the place of origin then weaker sounds. For example: The sounds made by a computer can be heard when we are working on the computer but not if we are 40 or 50nmeters away.The pitch is defferent Alson, much more intense sounds are made on a drum thet on guitar.

carta del 2070

Comment: this video shows how life will be without water in the year 2070 and not have to pass it as? not wasted, that life would be very different habris paca vegetation and water would have no women would have to shave him for not washing hair and conserve water, rivers, dams, lakes, waterfalls, and not exist, would have almost no oxygen for both little vegetation, all would be burned by the coat and opened Osona finish. we must also look after the vegetation does not try to pollute.


-Solution:The solution would be not to waste more water does not leave the keys and opened last bañandonos ytratar least not votandola to preserve, for without it we could not do anything as it does not show the video, and try to take care of the vegetation or polluting resiclando.

matler

what is matler?
Everything that soraun us is made up matler.there air,the animals ,rock plants verything . with cow define matler as all that occupies as spase and can be weigh and flated baloim , we can se that weighed slightly more than un - inflated ballon . when we are studing matler , we use sam basic quantities such as length , surfase , ared , volume, mass, density or temperature . So that we are all using the same units inside we use what is could the international sistem of units .

Dimensions:
Length (l) is the distance betuin two bodies , in (si) units this is measured in metres (m) we also use centrimetres (cm) or kilometres (km) . ew use rules , measuring tapes and so ons when we are measuring length.

Surfase area (s) is the espace ocupied by two dimensions means and with. In (si) units we measuring surfase area is kuare metres (m2) another come units is kuares centrimetres (cm2).

Volume (v): is the space ocupiet by a bodi .if the poten measured in litres eveng in the (si) units is the (m3) the volume or licuis or solides come by measured using measuring sylinder in cas of regular geometry chapes we can use matematical formulas for example: the volume of sphere whit radius are its V5phar=4/3 p,3.

Tidal power

Even the power of the tides can be harnessed to produce electricity.

Similar to the more conventional hydroelectric dams, the tidal process utilizes the natural motion of the tides to fill reservoirs, which are then slowly discharged through electricity-producing turbines. The former USSR produced 300 MW in its Lumkara plant using this method.

Tidal power

Geothermal energy

Geothermal energy is an alternative energy source, although it is not resourceful enough to replace more than a minor amount of the future's energy needs. Geothermal energy is obtained from the internal heat of the planet and can be used to generate steam to run a steam turbine. This in turn generates electricity, which is a very useful form of energy.

geothermal energy

Wind power

Wind power is another alternative energy source that could be used without producing by-products that are harmful to nature. Like solar power, harnessing the wind is highly dependent upon weather and location. The average wind velocity of Earth is around 9 m/sec. And the power that could be produced when a wind mill is facing the wind of 10 mi/hr. is around 50 watts.1

Wind power

Solar power

Solar energy is one the most resourceful sources of energy for the future. One of the reasons for this is that the total energy we recieve each year from the sun is around 35,000 times the total energy used by man. However, about 1/3 of this energy is either absorbed by the outer atmosphere or reflected back into space (a proccess called albedo)1.
Solar energy is presently being used on a smaller scale in furnaces for homes and to heat up swimming pools. On a larger scale use, solar energy could be used to run cars, power plants, and space ships (like the picture you see above) .

Solar power

Energy source

Throughout history people have obterned energy, from their own muscle, animals, the wind. raning water, several types of fuel ( wood, coal, oil, petroleum , etc.. ) and electricity . Of course tradithonal souces of energy are being used Example:- Muscles energy in order to carry out certain tasks - Animals for pullin ploughing the land in the developing countrys -Air currents for sairind both wind farms running water for hydroelectric power stations, rivers boats fuel for cars, gas or coal boyrness electrricity for house hould electrical apliances industrial machineri

Energy source

materials in the lithosphere

Is the surface layer of the solid Earth, characterized by its rigidity. Is formed by the earth's crust and the contiguous zone, the outer of the residual mantle, and "fleet" on the asthenosphere, a layer "soft" which is part of the upper mantle. Is the area where it occurs in interaction with asthenosphere, plate tectonics.
The lithosphere is fragmented into a series of lithospheric or tectonic plates, whose edges are endogenous geological phenomena, such as magmatism (including volcanism), the seismicity or orogenesis. The plates can be mixed or ocean, covered in part by continental crust

materials in the hydrosphere

The hydrosphere is the layer of Earth that includes all waters of the planet, this includes oceans, seas, rivers, lakes and waters. This layer differentiates us from other planets. Scientists estimate that the hydrosphere contains about 1.36 billion cubic kilometers of water in its liquid state, which covers the topography of the Earth. In the hydrosphere can find water in three states: solid (ice), liquid and gas (clouds). The second most common form of water ice. Remember that water is a vital element for the existence of all living organisms, it also helps regulate the temperature of our planet. Hydrosphere was formed millions of years ago, the product of volcanic emissions, which were more frequent in these times. The vapor condenses into clouds, which then caused by torrential rains for millions of years

Materials of the earth`s surtace

materials of the earth`s surtace
* write a list of the materils that you can see in the air, water and on a beach it self .
-salt .
- water .
* what part of the earth can you see it you stand on the seashare ?
Answer// water, ocean, palms, sand, rocks..
*when we walk on sand it oppears to be very soft .
- Are the grains of sand soft or hord?
Answer// when a lame a lot of sand is soft and small seeds
*what is the relationship between the rocks and the sond of the beach.
Answer// that the rock is harder and resistant and sand that is soft and small seeds
the earth is made up solid, liquid and gaseous matter
materials in the atmosphere:
gaseous materials. there are also some liquids and solid materials like the minute drops ot water and ice that make up the cloud. As for as we concerned the most important materials in the atmosphere is the air .
Air is not a gas but a mixture of gases.
It is made up of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxigen and 1% other gases

4.kinetic energy:The kinetic energy of an object is the extra energy which it possesses due to its motion. It is defined as the work needed to accelerate a body of a given mass from rest to its current velocity. Having gained this energy during its acceleration, the body maintains this kinetic energy unless its speed changes. Negative work of the same magnitude would be required to return the body to a state of rest from that velocity

energy

energy

it aforce that help living things, and human being to move, to grow and to subsist



tipes of energy:


1.chemical energy:Chemical energy is potential energy until the chemical reaction puts atoms and molecules in motion. Heat energy (KE) is often the result of a chemical reaction.

2. heat energy:Heat is the movement of molecules. It is the sum of the kinetic energy of an object's molecules. In many physics textbooks, they look at heat as some sort of substance and heat energy as something independent of kinetic energy. In our lessons, it is just one subset of kinetic energy

3.electric ennergy:Electrical energy is the movement of electrons. That is kinetic energy. The voltage in an electrical circuit is the potential energy that can start electrons moving. Electrical forces cause the movement .

enegy

6.light energy:Light is the movement of waves and/or light particles (photons). It is usually formed when atoms gain so much kinetic energy from being heated that they give off radiation. This is often from electrons jumping orbits and emitting moving photons.

7.nuclear energy:Certain elements have potential nuclear energy, such that there are internal forces pent up on their nucleus. When that potential energy is released, the result is kinetic energy in the form of rapidly moving particles, heat and radiation

general properties of matter

mass:

There are four different properties of matter. They are weight, volume, mass, and density. The most important one is mass. Mass is the amount of matter in an object and it never changes unless matter is taken out of the object. Mass also has a direct relationship with inertia. Inertia is the resistance of motion of an object. If an object has a greater mass, then it has a greater inertia. Also, you can find mass by measuring it on a triple beam balance.
Volume: is another general property of matter. Anything that takes up space has volume. In fact, volume is the amount of space an object takes up. You can find a straight-edged object's volume by measuring the Length x Width x Height. For irregular shaped objects, you'd probably want to use a graduated cylinder. Liters and milliliters are used to measure the volume of liquids, while cubic centimeters are used to measure solids.
Density:The third general property of matter is density. Density is very important because it enables you to compare different objects. For instance, water has a density of 1 gram/cc and wood is 0.8 grams/cc. Therefore, wood will float in water because it's density is less than that of water. The equation for density is Density=Mass/Volume. Also, if you split an object in half, it will still have the exact same density.
Weight:Weight is the fourth general property of matter. It is defined as the measure of force of attraction between objects due to gravity. Gravity is what keeps you and me on the ground. In fact, gravity exists between you and your computer. You are attracted to it by gravity. You don't feel the attraction because the computer's mass is so small. The earth, on the other hand has a very large mass. That's why you are attracted to the ground. Weight, unlike mass, changes with location. The farther you are from the center of the Earth, the less you weigh. The metric unit for weight is the newton, even though in America the most common unit is the pound. The equation for weight is Weight=Mass x Acceleration due to gravity, but I personally think the easiest one is for every kilogram of mass, there's 9.8 newtons of weight.