Clase:2

Tema: teoría endocimbiotica
Información y producción textual:

ENDO: dentro de
SIMBIOSIS: vivir juntos
FAGO: alimento
CITO: célula

- Teoría de LYNN MARGULIS : Los seres vivos que aparecieron en nuestro planeta siguieron un proc3so llamado la endosimbiosis células tenían características muy bacteriana bacteria tienes núcleo , la célula fagocitara un bacteria fotosintética con el tiempo la bacteria se conforma como un cloroplasto célula vegetal también existió la posibilidad que la célula fagocitara a una bacteria que tuviera flagelos generando flagelo se convirtió en flagelo que le dio la movilidad hubieron 3 clases de protisto genero los protistos parecidos a plantas ,hongos y animales .

La evoluciono de debe a diferentes procesos:
-afecta a lo individuos
-Dios creó todo desde un origen

CHARLES DARWIN

Charles Robert Darwin nació en Sherewsbury el 12 de febrero de 1809. Fue el segundo hijo varón de Robert Waring Darwin, médico de fama en la localidad, y de Susannah Wedgwood, hija de un célebre ceramista del Staffordshire, Josiah Wedgwood, promotor de la construcción de un canal para unir la región con las costas y miembro de la Royal Society. En octubre de 1825 Darwin ingresó en la Universidad de Edimburgo para estudiar medicina por decisión de su padre, al que siempre recordó con cariño y admiración (y con un respeto no exento de connotaciones psicoanalíticas); la hipocondría de su edad adulta combinó la desconfianza en los médicos con la fe ilimitada en el instinto y los métodos de tratamiento paternos.



TEORIA CHARLES DARWIN :

Desde la antigüedad, el modo de originarse la vida y la aparición de la gran variedad de organismos conocidos, constituyó un misterio que, en menor o mayor medida, despertó curiosidad de los científicos. Sin embargo, las supersticiones, los prejuicios, los dogmas religiosos y las teorías que se aventuraban debido a la imposibilidad de probarlas con el nivel de conocimiento de aquellas épocas, hicieron que la cuestión quedara a menudo en el olvido o que, simplemente, se aceptara la imposibilidad de averiguar los orígenes.

No fue hasta épocas relativamente recientes cuando el hombre pudo finalmente abordar esta cuestión con unos criterios fiables y unos conocimientos científicos suficientes para demostrar sus hipótesis.

Es así como podemos afirmar, que antes del siglo XIX existieron diversas hipótesis que intentaban explicar justamente esta cuestión, el origen de la vida sobre la Tierra. Las teorías creacionistas que hacían referencia a un hecho puntual de la creación divina; y por otra parte, las teorías de la generación espontánea que defendían que la aparición de los vivos se producía de manera natural, a partir de la materia inerte.

Una primera aportación científica sobre el tema es el trabajo de Oparin , El origen de la vida sobre la Tierra, donde el bioquímico y biólogo ruso propone una explicación, vigente aún hoy, de la manera natural en que de la materia surgieron las primeras formas pre-biológicas y, posteriormente el resto de los seres vivos. En segundo aspecto de la generación espontánea de la vida tiene una respuesta convincente desde mediados del siglo XIX.

Esto es así, gracias a Pasteur y fundamentalmente a Darwin quienes realizaron experimentos al respecto. Este último, naturalista británico realizó una obra de vital trascendencia : El origen de las especies. La cual tiene por objetivo aportar una explicación científica sobre la evolución o denominada descendencia con modificación

TEORIA LAMARCK:

Juan Bautista Lamarck fue el primer naturalista que formuló una teoría explicativa sobre los procesos evolutivos. La expuso en su Filosofía zoológica, publicada en 1809.

Podemos resumir la concepción de Lamarck en los siguientes puntos:

La influencia del medio. Los cambios medioambientales provocan nuevas necesidades en los organismos.

Ley del uso y del desuso. Para adaptarse al medio modificado, los organismos deben modificar el grado de uso de sus órganos. Un uso continuado de un órgano produce su crecimiento (de aquí la frase "la función crea el órgano"). Un desuso prolongado provoca su disminución.

Ley de los caracteres adquiridos. Las modificaciones creadas por los distintos grados de utilización de los órganos se transmiten hereditariamente. Esto significa que a la larga los órganos muy utilizados se desarrollarán mucho, mientras que los que no se utilicen tenderán a desaparecer.

En resumen, según Lamarck la evolución se explica por acumulación de caracteres adquiridos en el curso de varias generaciones.
La teoría de Lamarck es falsa porque los caracteres adquiridos no se transmiten hereditariamente.

LAMARCK:Biólogo francés. Lamarck siguió la carrera eclesiástica hasta los diecisiete años por voluntad de su padre, a cuya muerte se enroló en la infantería, donde sirvió desde 1761 a 1768 y de la que se desvinculó a causa de su delicada salud.

Lamarck se trasladó entonces a París, y estudió medicina y botánica. Discípulo de Bernard de Jussieu, en 1778 publicó Flora francesa, obra en la que, por primera vez, se clasificaba sistemáticamente la flora por medio de una clave dicotómica. Miembro de la Academia Francesa de Ciencias, trabajó como botánico del Jardin du Roi hasta que la institución se reconvirtió, durante la Revolución, en el Museo Nacional de Historia Natural.

Mi nombre es Frank Orlando Carrillo Ramirez tengo 14 años de edad estudio en el Colegio Campestre Colombo Britanico estoy en grado decimo, el nombre del blog se debe a que contiene mi nombre las iniciales del colegio y la amateria en que se enfoca este blog ,la plantilla se escogio por que se enfoco principalmente a la naturaleza o ecologia es pocas palabras la vida natural. BIO- vida




Clase: 1
Fecha: 15/02/11
Tema: organización blog


TEMAS PERIODOS 1 2 3 4

- Evolución y diversidad
- Taxonomía
- Biomas y biogeografía

-PRIMER PERIODO:

Evolución y diversidad
Evolución de las poblaciones
El origen de las especies

-SEGUNDO PERIODO

Origen y evolución de la Taxonomía
Categorías taxonómicas
Estudio de la taxonomía
Cladistica
Herramientas de la sistemática

-TERCER PERIODO Y CUARTO PERIODO:

Patrones climáticos del planeta –radiación solar, la inclinación terrestre, la circulación oceánica, variaciones de los patrones.
Distribución de los seres vivos – Clima y ecosistemas colombianos – patrones climáticos en Colombia, regiones climáticas en Colombia, análisis de diagramas climáticos.

26/10/09

Currents

In a series circuit the same current flows through each part of the circuit .there is only one part of the circuit ,there is only one path for the current to flow round .circuits a and B are series circuits.

In a parallel circuit the current divides when it comes to a junction .part of the current flows through the other brnch. Part of it flows through the other .the bullos in circuits (and) are joined in para kel .

When two branches have the same resistance,the same current flows through each branch.

21/10/09

Resistance

Nichrome resists more the current than copper. nichrome has a bigger resistance than copper.

Every material has an electrical resistance .the greater the material’s resistance, the smaller is the is the current which flows through it.

Conductors like copper and aluminum have very low resistances. They carry large currents well .but insulators have very large currents well .but insulators have very large resistances. They only allow very small currents to flow through them.

When the current flows through a wire, electrical energy is changed to heat energy.

When a current is pushed through o hind resistance wire by a large voltage large amounts of heat are produced.

14/09/09

Portable power packs.

If you are going to be absolutely correct, you should call a torch battery a dry cell. Is called dry because it has no liquid in it a battery is made up from a collection of cells joined together. A 9v. Transistor radio battery contains small calls joined in series a 12v. Car battery contains six 2v. Lead-acid cells joined in series.

There are many different cells in use today. Here six of them, with their advantages and disadvantages.

The dry cell:

Is the most commonly used cells. It is often used intorches.It is cheap, easily carried and has no liquid to spill.

The mercury cell:

Can be made into small ´´button cells´´. Even very small mercury cells can produce large currents for a short time or small currents for a long time.

The lead-acid cell:

Can produce large currents. A battery of lead-acid cells can produce the large current needed to start a car. The cell can be recharged when flat. It is heavy and contains acid which can spill.

The reserve cell:

Does not work until salt water is added. Then it can give a high current for a short time or a small current for a long time.

The lithium cell:

Is small and light. It is very reliable and long lasting. Lithium cells are expensive.

The nickel-cadmium cell:

Is the rechargeable battery sold in the shops? It is light and is completely sealed. It cannot give very large currents and is expensive.

Questions.

1 What is a battery?-Is a dry cell.

How a car battery is made up?-it´s made up from a collection of cells joined together.

2.Heaning acids only use small currents. Suggest two reasons why a mercury cell is a good cell for running a hearing acid.

Because it has a long current and a short current.

3. A) suggest reasons why the dry cell is the most commonly used cell.

-It is cheap, easily carried and has no liquid to spill

b) If you leave a torch on, the bulb gradually gets glimmer. Why?

4 .One of the six cells can be found in a life raft. Which cell is this? The reserve cell:

Does not work until salt water is added.

Why might it be used for?

It might be used in the oceans to help to active products needed.

5.try to find out: What heart Pacemakers are. Then suggest why lithium cells are used to power them.

28/09/09

Conductors and insulators

Conductors: a substance which allows electricity to flow throught it . f .ex opper are used to carry current , electric current is carried round your home by copper wires iron ,silver , tin , aluminium , gold ,mercury and caron are conductors.

Insulators : a substance which does not allow electricity to flow through it .insulators are used for safety .the electricity used in your home can be dangerous you could easily be killed if you touched a bare wire that is why plugs and wires are covered with insulators like : rubber , plastic , wood , wool , paper ,glass ,string ,nylon etc ...

Making the right connections

The quiz board

The railway signal

When a battery is working ,the energy change is

Chemical energy to electrical energy

The battery’s chemical energy is used up pushing a current round the circuit the ‘ electrical push ‘ which the batlery gives to the current is called the voltage .it is measured in volts (v) on a volt –meter.

Diffent batteries produce different voltages .the bigger voltage supplied by the battery the bigger will be the current that plows in a circuit.

23/09/09

Electric circuits

An electric circuit is a path along which electricity can flow to make up a circuit you need a battery ,a buld and two wires .the wires are used to join the battery to the bulb .the batteries job is to pash an electric current through the wires and the bulb .the bulb the bulb light yo as the current flows through it.

Meters and switches

If you want to measure the size of the current ,you have to put a meter into the circuit .current is measured in amperes (A) or amps for short.

The meter for measuring current is called an ammeter.

If you want to turn the bulb on and off easily you shuld . a switch work by opening and closing a gap in the circuit .when the switch is turned off , a gap opens up .this stops the flow of current all round the circuit.

When the switch is turned on, the gap is closed .this maks a complete circuit and the current can flow.

Electric sparks

1. why do clouds become charged? Tiene pequeños cristales de agua y al frotarse los cristales se cargan de energía.

2.what is a flash of lightning? When is lightning produced?

The lightning is a sound that to produced the clouds when discharged electrical. To produced when to much energy electrical.

3.what special precautions are taken in factories using flammable meterials ? why are these precautions taken ?

But in a factor using flammable materials ,even the smallest spark can produce a n explosion .that’s why workers have to wear special shoes and clothes which don’t build up charges.

4.have you ever produced sparks? If so , explain what happened.

Cuando toque el tv me paso electricidad por que el tv y yo tenemos energía.

5. Aereoplanes become charged up when they fly through clouds . Explain why.

6.try to find out : a) what causes a clap of thunder b) why tall buildings have lightning conductors

07/09/09

Electricity

Is a kind of energy .it has two different kinds of: positive charge and negative charge.

+ And+=repel

-And - =repel

+ And - =attract

Before rubbing, the pen has equal numbers of positive and negative charge. This charges balance each other. The pen is electrically neutral.

When the pen is rubbed with other thing, negative charges travel from the other from the other thing to the pen. The pen now has more negative charges have left the other thing; it now has more positive charges than negative .it has become positively charged.

Atoms contain negatively charged particles =electrons

Positively charged particles=protons

Neutral particles = neutrons

14/09/09

Moving charges

You can do some hair racing experiments with van de graaff generator.this is a machine for building up and storing electric charges when it is switched on,negative charges collect on the dome.the dome becomes negative charges .

Storing charge:if you stand on a prece of plastic and touch the dome,you body connects extra negative charge from the dome.thats when your hair stands on end.each hair becames negatively charge the hairs repel each other .

Losing charge:if you then touch a water tap,your body loses this charges you hair goes bag to normal .the charges flow for body a long the water pipe to the earth you can feel them go your fingers tingle.

Flow a charges: there are two good ways of chowing this flow of charge you can connect a neon bulb between the generation and the water tap.the bulb glose as the charges flow through it you can also connect in a meter wich measure small electric currents the flow of charge through the meter makes the meter middle move.

Atoms contain negatively charged particles: electrons

Positively charged particles: protons

Homework

For Wednesday 16 September/09 written on sheets of paper.

1. What does a van the Graff generator do?

Cargando energia negativa

2. Why does your hair stand on end when you use the generator to charge yourself up?

Carga energia negativa

3. Why does your hair go back to normal when you touch a water top?

4. What is an electric current? Es un flujo de cargas electricas

5. Why should you stand on plastic or rubber if you want to charge yourself up? El plastic es un aislante

Genes

Whether you are natullary tall or small , blond or brown haired ,blue or green eyed , left or right handed ;depends largely on the genes in your body cells :

A gene is a part of one of the choromose threads inside the ncleus of each cell, those control the characteristics which are passed on from parents to their children when an egg is fertilized two sets of genes are put together one set cames from the father in the sperms chromosomes and the other set from the mother in the egg´s chromosomes ach set carries half of the tajal instruccions for the new human those gones passed carry instruccions for the nero human those genes passed carry instruccion about body characteristics like height hair color and eye color.

dominant genes: the genes with “stronger” of dominat instructions will control what happens.

Heredity: is the passing on of characteristics from one generation to the next.

Chromosomes: Are fine theads of material for carry instructons. There are 10.000 genes on each chromosomes.

Human cells have 46 choromosomes . sperm and eggs have only half that number when a sperm and egg join up a new being begins to grow.

First stage: each choromosome makes an exact copy of

Itself.

Fertilisation

Has to take place before a new animal can grow. The sperm and the egg join up, making a fertilized .the new animal grows from this fertilized egg which divides, producing more and more cells.

Intestine cell :cells which take in or absorb food

Fat cell: cell which store food

Nerve cell: cells which carry messages round the body

Red blood cell: cells which carry chemical round your body

Cell in the nose: cells which allow chemicals to pass through channels between then.

Cells in the wall of a blood capillary :cell with tiny hairs which move liquids over their surface.

Investigate

1. where is an egg:

there is really only one answer to that question. the sperm gets to the egg by swimming, but in some cases, the sperm meets the egg outside the mother's body (EXTERNAL fertilization). in other cases, the sperm and egg meet inside the mother's body (INTERNAL Fertilization)

IN CONCLUSION:
The egg of the woman is the egg

a. produced:

Produced babies

B. fertilized

Has to take place before a new animal can grow. In fertilization, the sperm and the egg join up, making fertilization egg. The new animal can grows from this fertilized egg which divedes, producing more and more cells

2. When the baby is in the womb

The behavior of the fetus inside the womb has been investigated for years. Studies show that their movements are reactions to certain stimuli.
The presence of a hormone in the blood of women corroborates these early suspicions given the absence of menstrual period. However, from the laboratory confirmation, are estimated to have passed at least seven to nine days from fertilization. From here on begins the development of an amazing life in the womb.
Besides the formation of the different anatomical structures, the fetus exhibits a range of skills that can be seen with ultrasound through the expressions of disgust, pain, breathing, jumping, and stretching hipos, among others.

A. How does it get food and oxygen?

B. Pregnant women increased their energy needs and therefore should increase the intake of protein, vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates and fats, due to the increasing demands for feeding the baby she carries in her womb formed, so that the healthy Fetal growth depends on the diet that has the mother, and should be more quality than quantity. The fetus is nourished and receives oxygen from the placenta which is attached to the wall of the uterus and connects to the fetus through the umbilical cord.

3. What are contractions?

• Contractions focal
Are due to stimulation of only one sector of the uterus, usually up to a movement of the baby.

• Generalized Contractions
Begin in any one sector of the uterus and are transmitted to all of them. May be due to the baby's movements, changes of position (from lying to sitting), irritation to the bladder by uterine busy or intestinal congestion.

• Braxton Hicks Contractions
Starting from the fifth or sixth month of pregnancy or earlier, and are characterized by covering the uterus, have a downward gradient (going from the bottom of the uterus into the vagina). They are not only painful and feels the abdomen hardens and gives a feeling of abdominal tension when they appear. Last approximately 30 to 60 seconds.
• Contractions of birth
The contractions of birth are different. They are very regular, every two or three minutes and reach a length of approximately 90 to 120 seconds each. Not go unnoticed because most of the time are painful. Usually also are associated with the expulsion of the mucus plug, which is a flow gelatinous, often stained with blood, and a new sense of pressure in the vagina, caused by the baby's head to press the perineum and rectum

4. How is a baby born?

5. Why does the graving embryo depend on the cord?

6. Why can the cord be safely cut once the baby is born ?

7. If a woman begins to realease eggs at the age of is,and stops releasing them at 45 ,how many eggs will she produce?

8. Find ait:

What special foods a mother to be should have in her diet .and why?

week 38= baby is born.

Week 34=baby has grown a lot of fat in the last four weeks to keep it warm when it is born.

Week 30=if born now ,the baby could live with special care.

week 26= baby opens its eyes.

Week 18 =baby has hair ,eye brows doctors can hear its heart beat. It can move …….. mother begins to feel its kicks.

Week 14= if doctor could see the baby ,they could tell if it wasa boy or a girl.

Week 10=babys finger and toes grow .it can move its arms and legs a little .it can even swallow.

.
.
Week 6=embryo begins to look like a human ears , hands and feet begin to grow. Heart begins to beat.